I. Common Types of Rotating Machinery
The majority of machines incorporate rotating components.
Rotating machinery refers to those machines whose primary function is fulfilled through rotational motion, particularly those machines in which the main components rotate at high speeds.
The types of rotating machinery are diverse and include steam turbines, gas turbines, centrifugal compressors, generators, pumps, water turbines, fans, and electric motors.
The principal components of these machines consist of rotors, bearing systems, stators, and unit casings, as well as couplings.
The rotational speed of these machines can range from a few dozen to several hundred thousand revolutions per minute. A few examples of typical rotating machinery are described below.
1. Steam turbine
A steam turbine is a rotating power machine that converts the energy of steam into mechanical work, also known as a steam rotor.
It is primarily used as a prime mover for power generation, but can also directly drive various pumps, fans, compressors, and ship propellers.
Additionally, the exhaust or intermediate extraction of a steam turbine can be utilized to meet heating needs in both manufacturing and domestic settings.
2. Centrifugal Compressor
A centrifugal compressor works by transferring energy to a gas through a rotor, thus boosting its pressure.
It can consist of a single or multiple stages. This type of compressor falls under the category of rotary blade compressors, also known as turbo compressors.
Within the centrifugal compressor, the high-speed rotation of the rotor exerts a centrifugal force on the gas, and the expansion in the diffuser channel further increases the gas pressure.
3. Electric generator
An electric generator is a mechanical device that converts various forms of energy into electrical energy.
Originating during the Second Industrial Revolution, it was first developed by German engineer Siemens in 1866.
Powered by water turbines, steam turbines, diesel engines, or other mechanical devices, generators transform energy generated from water flow, air flow, fuel combustion, or nuclear fission into mechanical energy.
This mechanical energy is then converted into electrical energy by the generator. Generators have a wide range of applications in industrial and agricultural production, defense, technology, and everyday life.
4. Water Pump
A water pump is a mechanical device designed to transport or pressurize liquids.
It transfers the mechanical energy of the prime mover or other external energy sources to the liquid, enhancing its energy.
It is primarily used for conveying various liquids, including water, oil, acid-base solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and liquid metals.
The pump can also handle mixtures of liquids and gases, as well as liquids containing suspended solids.
5. Fans
A fan is a mechanical device that relies on the input of mechanical energy to increase gas pressure and expel gas.
It is a type of driven fluid machinery, with an exhaust pressure less than 1.5×105Pa. Fans are widely used for ventilation, dust extraction, and cooling in factories, mines, tunnels, cooling towers, vehicles, ships, and buildings.
They are also used for ventilation and air drafting in boilers and industrial furnaces, for cooling and ventilation in air conditioning devices and household appliances, for grain drying and selection, as well as for wind tunnel airflow and the inflation and propulsion of hovercrafts.
6. Electric Motor
The electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is designed based on the phenomenon of an electrified coil rotating under the force within a magnetic field.
Depending on the power source used, motors are categorized into direct current motors and alternating current motors.
Most motors in power systems are alternating current motors, which can either be synchronous or asynchronous. The electric motor primarily consists of a stator and a rotor.
The direction of the force exerted on the electrified wire in the magnetic field is related to the direction of the current and the magnetic field lines.
The operating principle of an electric motor is the force exerted by the magnetic field on the current, causing the motor to rotate.
II. Rotational Machinery Vibration Classification
The primary function of rotational machinery is carried out by its rotating components, with the rotor being the most crucial.
The main indicator of a malfunction in rotational machinery is abnormal vibration and noise. The vibration signals, reflected in the amplitude, frequency, and time domain, illuminate the machine’s fault information.
Thus, understanding the vibration mechanisms of rotational machinery under malfunction conditions is critical for monitoring operational status and enhancing fault diagnosis accuracy.
The vibrations in rotational machinery can be categorized into three types based on the nature of mechanical vibration.
1. Forced Vibration
Forced vibration, also known as synchronous vibration, is a type of vibration caused by continuous, periodic external excitation forces.
Forced vibration constantly acquires energy from the external environment to compensate for the energy consumed by damping, maintaining a consistent amplitude of vibration within the system.
This vibration, in turn, does not impact the disturbing force. The main causes of forced vibration include rotor mass imbalance, misaligned couplings, static friction in the rotor, loose mechanical parts, and damage to rotor components or bearings.
The characteristic frequency of forced vibration always equals the frequency of the disturbing force.
For instance, forced vibration caused by rotor mass imbalance has a vibration frequency that is always equal to the rotational speed frequency.
2. Self-Excited Vibration
Self-excited vibration refers to the vibration caused by alternating forces generated from the machine’s internal movement during operation. Once the vibration stops, the alternating force naturally disappears.
The frequency of self-excited vibration is the machine’s natural (or critical) frequency, irrespective of the external excitation frequency.
Oil whirl and oil film oscillation are common types of self-excited vibration in rotating machinery, primarily caused by rotor internal resistance, and friction between static and dynamic components.
Compared to forced vibration, self-excited vibration occurs more suddenly, with more severe vibration intensities, causing serious damage to the machine within a short period.
3. Non-steady Forced Vibration
Non-steady forced vibration is a type of forced vibration caused by exterior disturbances.
Characteristically, it shares the same frequency as the disturbance; the vibration itself reciprocally influences the magnitude and phase of the disturbance. Both the amplitude and phase of the vibration vary.
For example, if uneven thermal deformation occurs at a certain part of the rotor shaft, it equates to the addition of an unbalanced mass to the rotor, causing changes in the vibration’s amplitude and phase.
Conversely, these changes in amplitude and phase affect the magnitude and location of the uneven thermal deformation, thereby causing the forced vibration to continually vary.
